Light
From Destinypedia, the Destiny wiki
Light | |
---|---|
Biographical information | |
Other name(s): |
The Sky |
Species: |
Paracausal Force |
Political and military information | |
Affiliation: |
Leviathan (Traveler) |
- "The Light lives in all places, in all things. You can block it, even try to trap it, but the Light will find its way."
- — The Speaker
The Light, also known as the Sky,[1] is a paracausal force[2] that is associated with the Traveler. It is the direct and opposing counterpart of the Darkness.
Overview
Like the Darkness, the Light is a paracausal force that has existed since before the beginning of time. It is fundamentally driven to increase the complexity and diversity of entities within the universe, in particular encouraging the growth of new forms of life.
The Traveler is an abundant source of Light, although it is not the sole source of Light in the universe.[3] The Speaker described the Light as being present in all places and all things. According to Dredgen Yor, Light is present in living beings as a "spark of life".[4]
Ulan-Tan, a renowned Warlock, viewed the Traveler and its Light as a necessary symmetry to the Darkness to maintain a cosmic balance, and hypothesized that all Light was connected across space and time.[5] This latter hypothesis was later confirmed by Guardians upon discovering members of the Hive siphoning Light from the Traveler using a piece that had broken off of the Traveler during the Collapse.[6]
The Traveler created the Ghosts to seek out and revive fallen warriors as Lightbearers with the intent of protecting Humanity.[7] Each Ghost intuitively seeks out the remains of a deceased human, which it then resurrects and permanently bonds with.[8] Guardians are human Lightbearers that have sworn an oath to defend the Last City, and can wield the Light both as an offensive and defensive force.[9]
Orbs of Light may also be generated by various uses of Light, which give power to a Guardian's Super.[10] Light as used by the Guardians comes in three different varieties; these are the elemental damage modifiers, and are used in both a Guardian's chosen subclass and in certain weapons.
It is possible for Light to be corrupted, as the shard of the Traveler within the European Dead Zone is corrupting an area of the surrounding forest. In addition, the Light Dominus Ghaul wielded was corrupted due to him taking Light from the Traveler, which was an act tied to the Darkness.
The Hive both revile and feed upon the Light, at times even sacrificing Light to their deities.[11]
The Gardener
- "The Gardener is hard to bother; she is constantly amidst her weeds, kneeling in the tangent dust, gloves covered in a mix of distant soils and metallic saps. She is listening to the music of the insects amidst the flowers, the unguent as it begins to drip from the ferns, the slight scratch of the Worm beneath, and not to you, and certainly not to your cries for help."
- — Mk. 44 Stand Asides Lore Tab
Several Lore entries describe an entity referred to as the "Gardener," which appears to be a personification of the Light; this name is also used by various entities (most notably Rasputin and the Witness) to refer to the Traveler, although the context of the relevant lore entries suggests that this is most likely a case of parallel terminology.
In Unveiling, which is narrated by a being referred to as "the Winnower" (which appears to be the Darkness itself), the Gardener is described to be one of two primordial entities who predate the universe, the other being the Winnower. The Winnower is presented as embodying the reduction of complexity, whereas the Gardener embodies the growth and preservation of complexity. In the allegorical story recounted in the Lore Book, these two entities struggled with one another in the state which preceded the multiverse, and upon inadvertently creating the multiverse as a by-product of this struggle, each became a paracausal force which would serve to further their respective goals within its many universes. This story not only appears to provide an origin for the Light and Darkness as they are presently known, but also implies that the Light is itself sentient and has its own motivations, namely to increase complexity and diversity within the universe.
Relation to Complexity, Diversity, Physicality, and Forgetting
As described previously, Unveiling describes the Light as being associated with the "growth and preservation of complexity". In contrast, the Darkness is portrayed as being associated with simplification and the reduction of diversity. The philosophy of the Light is also referenced in the Marasenna as "the way of the bomb," meaning that it encourages a complex world with many interrelated parts that rely on each other to achieve greater goals. In contrast, the philosophy of the Darkness is described as "the way of the sword", which seeks to reduce everything in the universe to a final, simplified, self-same state.
As hypothesized by Osiris, the Light also seems to be connected to the physical universe, whereas the Darkness appears to be more strongly related to thought, emotion and consciousness more broadly. This dichotomy can be seen in the nature of the elemental manifestations of Light and Darkness: Arc, Solar and Void all grant control over physical forces (electricity, heat and gravity, respectively), whereas Strand allows one to manipulate the psychic "threads" connecting all conscious beings, and Stasis may be seen as embodying the abstract concepts of will and control. This emphasis on physicality versus consciousness may also explain why resurrection via the Light wipes away memories, as well as why the Darkness seems more acutely concerned by the pain and suffering of conscious beings than the Light: both memory and pain are within the realm of conscious experience, and therefore outside of the Light's domain of interest. Powers originating from the Light are stated to embody a theme of "Creation", contrasting powers from the Darkness that have a theme of "Consciousness".[12]
The seeming relationship between the Light and forgetting is further speculated on in-universe by Sen-Aret, who came to the belief that the Light can actually allow beings to remember, but instead chooses not to do so, in order to relieve them from painful memories; he compares the situation to an "iterated Prisoner's Dilemma". In Sen-Aret's theorising, the Light represents cooperation, and allows one to forget past pain in order to make peace with our enemies and escape the cycle of violence - to do not what is rational, but what is right - and enable the possibility of grace. Meanwhile, the Darkness allows one to remember what hurt them in the past, so that they may avoid or overcome it in the future.
Ikora Rey builds on and counters this interpretation, saying that the Light does not offer an afterlife like the Throne Worlds, but instead promotes the idea that paradise, a peaceful life surrounded by chosen friends, is something that must be built in this life. The Darkness promises an eternal existence of mere survival, whereas the Light allows the choice of a finite life of compassion and working toward the common good.[13]
History
Origins
- "Once upon a time,* a gardener and a winnower lived** together in a garden.***
* It was once before a time, because time had not yet begun.
** We did not live. We existed as principles of ontological dynamics that emerged from mathematical structures, as bodiless and inevitable as the primes.
*** It was the field of possibility that prefigured existence." - — Unveiling: Gardener and Winnower
According to the Lore Book "Unveiling," both the Light and the Darkness have existed since before the start of time, and thus before the universe came into existence. Being unbound by the laws of causality, neither the Light or Darkness can be said to have a beginning. Rather, they are emergent properties of even more fundamental "mathematical structures" that in turn underlay reality itself. [14]
In the allegorical story recounted in the Lore Book, the Darkness and Light occupied themselves by engaging one another in a game, analogous to a vastly more complex version of the "Game of Life" devised by Earth mathematician John Conway. This game would consistently arrive at an end-state dominated by a single, self-perpetuating pattern, which subsumed all others in the game. The Darkness found this to be a pleasing outcome, but the Light felt the pattern to be boring, and desired that the game endlessly produce novel patterns instead. In order to promote this novelty, the Light transformed itself into a new "rule" within the game; the Darkness did the same, to counteract the Light's efforts. These new rules were "set aside" from the other rules of the game, so that they could not be limited or influenced by them, but could manipulate the other rules to bring about their intended outcomes.
While the story above is laden with metaphor and open to interpretation, it appears to suggest that the universe is the "game" which the Light and Darkness played in the garden, that the rules of the game are the laws of physics as they are commonly understood, and that the "new rules" that the Light and Darkness became are the basis of paracausality.
The Witness
According to the creature known as Ahsa, the Traveler was discovered by an ancient humanoid species billions of years ago, when they found it dormant and half-buried on their homeworld. The Traveler subsequently awakened, terraforming the planet and uplifting the species into a golden age that lasted for millions of years. In the course of their relationship with the Traveler, the civilization came to a deep understanding of the Light, and after having seen both its beneficial and destructive aspects came to view it as a fundamentally chaotic and capricious force, equally capable of bringing life or death with no ultimate justification for either.
Later, after discovering the Darkness through the entity known as Veil, the civilization attempted to use the Traveler's Light and the Veil's Darkness to reshape the universe into an eternal, perfected form they called the "Final Shape". When the Traveler rejected their attempt and fled into the depths of space, the species used the Darkness to merge themselves into a single, unfathomably powerful Darkness-wielding entity, which became known as the Witness.
The Witness then left its homeworld behind in pursuit of the Traveler, seeking to unite it with the Veil by force and bring about the Final Shape. Although the Witness itself is a wielder of the Darkness, several devices of the Black Fleet emit or otherwise interact with the Light, such as the Radial Mast and Suppressors. These artifacts presumably are a product of the eons-long experience of the Witness' people with the Light.
Lubrae
Billions of years ago, the Traveler visited the Lubraeans and uplifted their civilization using the Light.
Rise of the Hive
One of the earliest recorded mentions of the Light known to the Guardians comes from the Books of Sorrow, a collection of ancient Hive texts chronicling the origin of the Hive and their history of interstellar conquest. In these accounts, the Light is referred to as "The Sky," and is described as being associated with a philosophy that upholds collaboration and gentleness with the goal of creating a thriving, harmonious society and universe. Its counterpart, "The Deep," is also described, being associated with a philosophy of competition and survival-of-the-fittest. Several disciples of the Light, including the Leviathan and the Traveler, also feature in these texts.
Before the rise of the Hive, the Traveler had visited several civilizations and bestowed the blessings of the Light. These civilizations included the Ammonite and the Harmony, both of which were later exterminated by the Hive.
The Eliksni
At an unknown time in the past, the Traveler came to Riis, the homeworld of the Eliksni and uplifted their civilization using the Light.
The Golden Age
When the Traveler came to the Sol System, it used the Light to terraform several planets and moons to render them suitable for human habitation.
The Collapse
When the Black Fleet pursued the Traveler to the Sol System, a cataclysmic battle ensued in which the Traveler used the Light to push back the Darkness, at the cost of rendering itself largely inert. Fragments of the Traveler were thrown far from the site of the battle, with one of the largest landing in Europe. The corrupted Light emanating from this shard interacted with the surrounding landscape, creating the European Dead Zone.
While it battled the Darkness on Earth, the Traveler also extended a ray of Light to protect the distant colony ship Yang Liwei from the Black Fleet. This ray pushed back the Fleet's Darkness, but could not repel it entirely; the energy of the resulting struggle was so great that a kugelblitz formed, which swallowed the Yang Liwei and its crew.
City Age
After its sacrificial last stand, the Traveler created the Ghosts, small machines infused with Light, to seek out long-dead individuals and resurrect them as warriors with Light-based abilities. These warriors, first called Risen and later known as Guardians, can manifest weapons and defenses made of Arc, Solar or Void Light, and can return from death with the assistance of their Ghost.
During the events of Destiny 2, the Cabal Red Legion invaded the Solar System and attacked the Last City. Forces under Dominus Ghaul successfully captured the Traveler, and placed a cage around it, thus cutting all Guardians and Ghosts off from the Light. At least one Guardian subsequently managed to reclaim their Light from a corrupted Shard of the Traveler in the European Dead Zone. Meanwhile, Ghaul attempted to repeatedly gain the Traveler's favor so as to grant his Red Legion the ability to wield the Light. However, the Traveler refused, and Ghaul resorted to outright stealing the Light by siphoning it from the Traveler via its cage. Light was only restored to all Guardians after the Traveler broke free of its cage and destroyed once and for all a power-hungry Ghaul.
Traveler's Awakening
In Forsaken, it is revealed that the Traveler had been "speaking" to the Guardians through visions of crowns, roses, silver trees, and torches turning into bonfires since its awakening. Ikora Rey tells the Guardians to follow these visions, which leads them to Io. The remnant Light on Io then granted the Guardians new powers.
Destruction of the Witness
- "The Light forgets. The Light forgives. In memory, we remain, but in Light, we are freed.
The Light will tear us. The Light will rend, mind from mind, split what has become the vile one into the repentant many.
Destroy us." - — A Dissenter, asking the Guardian to destroy their statue using the Light and release them from the Witness.
In the Pale Heart of the Traveler, the Guardian used a sword made of Light to shatter the statues containing the imprisoned consciousnesses of the Dissenters within the Witness, wounding it and rendering it vulnerable to further attack.
Aspects and Manifestations
Arc
Arc is an elemental manifestation of the Light which grants the wielder control over electricity.
Solar
Solar is an elemental manifestation of the Light which allows the wielder to harness the power of fire and heat.
Void
Void is an elemental manifestation of the Light which allows the wielder to manipulate spacetime to generate black holes and other space-warping phenomena.
Terraforming
The Light can be used by the Traveler to terraform entire worlds, making them more habitable to life-forms and causing new flora and fauna to spontaneously appear on their surface.
Resurrection
Ghosts use the Light to resurrect their Guardians if they are killed. If their connection to the Light emanating from the Traveler is severed, they lose the ability to resurrect their Guardians.
Influences
Guardians
Guardians are the most prolific wielders of the Light, with humanity being the current chosen of the Traveler.
Fallen
The Eliksni appear to have understood and utilized the Light to some degree during their golden age; Prime Servitors have been said to be sources of Light,[15] and Splicer Gauntlets are designed to utilize trace amounts of Light present in their environment.[16] When Skolas died at the hands of the Guardians, Variks wondered if their own Eliksni heroes were bestowed with Light.[17]
Later a new Fallen House called the House of Light would rise under the Kellship of Mithrax, Kell of Light. He believed that Humanity deserved the Traveler over the Eliksni and proclaim that he will become Kell to the "Mind-Open Fallen" who are willing to fight for "The Great Machine" together with Humanity.[18] On the other hand Eramis, Kell of Darkness founded the House of Salvation to force the Traveler to feel the pain it caused her people during the Whirlwind through the use of Darkness. She viewed the Light as only being able to last so long, while Darkness can reign forever.
Cabal
Dominus Ghaul traveled to the Solar System with his Red Legion with the goal of claiming the Traveler and its Light for himself. By attacking the City, Ghaul sought to show the Traveler the error of its ways in choosing Humanity over the Cabal and aimed to establish a new order of Cabal Lightbearers.[19][20][21]
Ghaul eventually took his warship to the center of the Traveler Cage device to drain the Light by force.[22] He successfully stole some of the Traveler's Light and managed to become a Lightbearer. After his death at the hands of the Guardian, he used a version of Radiance and was resurrected as a massive ethereal figure. In response, the Traveler awoke from its slumber, destroying its cage and Ghaul himself. Its reawakening sent a massive shockwave of Light across the universe and restored the Light to the Guardians and their Ghosts.[23][24]
Hive
The Hive have great hatred for the Light, and regard it as both a source of nourishment and a cause of pain. To them, the eternal struggle between Light and Darkness is not only a war, it is a crusade; all Light must be devoured so Darkness can reclaim the universe. They have even attempted to drain the Traveler's Light through a ritual involving a fragment of the Traveler, which they kept within the Chamber of Night.
Following her resurrection by the Ghost Immaru, Savathûn and her Lucent Brood embraced the Light and used Hive Ghosts to create Hive Lightbearers, with Knights acting as Sentinel Titans, Wizards acting as Stormcaller Warlocks, and Acolytes as Gunslinger Hunters.
Vex
As a result of having originated in the time before the Light and Darkness inserted themselves into the fabric of reality, the Vex are generally unable to understand or simulate paracausal phenomena such as the Light. For instance, while they can determine the destructive outcome of a Nova Bomb, they are unable to predict how and whether a Guardian will use their powers.
Despite their near-total level of control over reality within the Vault of Glass, the Vex could not foresee the creation of the Aegis by Kabr, the Legionless, who pierced a wound in the Vault to let the Light in.[25]
When Saint-14 entered the Vex network, they spent years tuning a Mind to the frequencies his Light. Eventually Agioktis, Martyr Mindis would hunt down the Titan out of desperation to stop his rampage. While Saint successfully destroyed the Mind, it succeeded in draining his Light and leaving him helpless for the Vex to finish off.[26] Out of respect, the Vex laid Saint-14's body to rest in a tomb as a memorial to the grief he gave them. The great respect the Vex have for Saint-14 is symbolised in the naming of Hagios and Agioktis as both mean Saint in Greek. Though they are not worshipers of the Light, they showed admiration for its mightiest of Lightbearers.[27]
The Awoken
In Forsaken, it is revealed the Awoken are the descendants of the crew and passengers of the colony ship Yang Liwei, which was transported to a pocket universe when the Traveler's Light and the Black Fleet's Darkness created a kugelblitz that engulfed the ship. Those aboard the ship were reborn within the new universe as Awoken, containing traces of both Light and Darkness within themselves.
Other Races
Ammonites
At some point, the Traveler became a patron of the Ammonites, who built an advanced spacefaring civilization with paracausal technology that spanned all of Fundament's fifty-two moons.[28][29] The Traveler's disciple, the Leviathan who lived in Fundament's ocean layer and kept the Worms at bay, was revered by the Ammonites almost as much as the Traveler.[30]
The Ammonites worshipped a song originating from the Traveler, which they dubbed the "Song of Life". The Hive attempted to sing the song in reverse, which in turn killed the Choir and lead to the creation of the Deathsong.[31]
Harmony
The Harmony also benefited from the patronage of the Traveler who realigned the orbits of their homeworld and nine other planets around a Black Hole. From polar jets of the Black Hole, they race built the Gift Mast, a hollow construct that radiated pure silver Light and allowed the Harmony to thrive.[32]
Gameplay
Year One
During Year One of Destiny, Light was a value present on all level 20 armor of Rare, Legendary, and Exotic rarity. In order to increase a character's level beyond 20, the player had to obtain armor with more and more Light, which would give them a Light level between 21 and 34 depending on the Light value of the gear. The highest attainable Light level in Year One (after the release of the House of Wolves expansion) was level 34, which required four armor pieces (one for each armor slot available at the time) with 36 Light each, which came to a total of 144 Light.
Light level determined the player's strength and what activities the player could participate in. To participate in an activity effectively, players had to have a Light level that matched or exceeded the activity's recommended Light level, or the higher-level enemy units would be able to both inflict significantly more damage on the player and resist more of the player's attacks. If the player was as little as four levels below an enemy, the player's damage output would be reduced to the point that the enemy would be "immune" to the player's attacks; the player would actually still be damaging the enemy, but the amount of damage being inflicted would be so small as to render killing the enemy within a reasonable amount of time an extremely difficult, if not impossible, feat.
Year Two
The Taken King changed the way Light was determined and used by players. Light is now a weighted average of the Attack and Defense values of all of the player's currently equipped gear; weapons count more heavily in the calculation than armor. Under this new system, Light reflects the player's strength and what activities the player is prepared for, but operates on a less severe penalty curve than Year One Light levels; whereas a Light deficit of four would make the player harmless to an enemy in Year One, in Year Two it takes a much higher Light deficit to noticeably impair the player's combat effectiveness. The Attack and Defense values of all Year One gear is capped at 170, meaning a player must equip Year Two gear in order to reach a higher level of Light.
Certain thresholds of Light must be attained in order to unlock or be able to complete some activities: Light 240 unlocks the Daily Heroic Story, Light 260 unlocks the Vanguard Heroic Strikes playlist, and Light 280 unlocks the Nightfall. The Raid King's Fall is available immediately, but it is recommended to achieve a Light level of 290 before attempting. The highest attainable Light level in Year Two was 335.
Year Three
The Light mechanic remained the same as Year Two with the transition to Rise of Iron, but the limit was raised. Light 300 unlocks the Daily Heroic Story, and Light 320 unlocks the SIVA Crisis Heroic Strikes playlist and the Nightfall. The Raid Wrath of the Machine will have a recommended Light level of 360 on normal difficulty, and 385 on heroic difficulty. The highest attainable Light level in Year Three was 400.
Year Four
The Light mechanic from Year Two of Destiny was carried over to Destiny 2, but was renamed Power. Everyone starts at 750 Power, and can raise their natural Power up to a maximum of 970 with the introduction of the Season of Dawn, then augment it further by leveling up the seasonal artifact. However, soft caps make reaching 970 power with gear difficult. While all engrams will raise a player's average Power level until they reach Power level 900, and Prime Engrams, Exotic Engrams, and powerful rewards will take them to 960, only pinnacle rewards will be able to level a player from 960 to 970. There are only a few sources of pinnacle rewards, each of which can only be acquired once per week, and those are:
- The current Nightfall Ordeal with a score of 100,000 or higher
- A heroic run of the Sundial
- The Pit of Heresy dungeon
- Each encounter in the Garden of Salvation raid
- The Iron Banner weekly bounties, when available
Most content in Destiny 2 currently has a recommended Power level of 750, effectively meaning they have no Power requirement. The exceptions are content coming with and following Shadowkeep, such as its campaign, Nightmare Hunts, the Pit of Heresy, the Garden of Salvation, and the Sundial. Additionally, Nightfalls can impose a Power handicap through the Five of Swords (purchasable from Xur), and Ordeals, Nightmare Hunts, and the Sundial all have multiple difficulties, ranging from 750 Power to 980 Power (among other differences).
Year Five
Trivia
- According to Asher Mir, Light can still possess the properties of real light as in being both a particle and a wave.[33]
List of appearances
- The Law Of The Jungle (First appearance)
- Destiny
- Cayde's Treasure Island Book (Mentioned only)
- Destiny 2
- Destiny: Fall of Osiris
- Destiny: Warmind (comic)
- Hidden Dossier (Mentioned only)
- Bitter (Mentioned only)
- Entelechy (Mentioned only)
References
- ^ Bungie (2014-9-9), Destiny: PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: VIII: Leviathan
- ^ Bungie (2014-6-12), Destiny: Alpha PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Hunter
- ^ Destiny.bungie.org: Transcript of the official English version of the cards
- ^ Bungie (2014-9-9), Destiny, PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Ghost Fragment: Thorn 2
- ^ Bungie (2015-5-13), Destiny, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: The Darkness
- ^ Bungie (2014-9-9), Destiny, PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Chamber of Night
- ^ Bungie (2014/6/12), Destiny: PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Ghosts
- ^ Bungie (2014-6-12), Destiny: Alpha PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Ghosts
- ^ Bungie (2014-6-12), Destiny: Alpha PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Guardians
- ^ YouTube - TTL Plays! Destiny Alpha: The Devil's Lair
- ^ Bungie (2014-6-12), Destiny: Alpha PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: The Hive
- ^ Destiny 2 Showcase 2022
- ^ The Hidden Dossier
- ^ https://www.ishtar-collective.net/entries/gardener-and-winnower\#book-unveiling
- ^ Bungie (2015/5/19), Destiny, PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Wolves of Mars
- ^ https://www.ishtar-collective.net/entries/legacy-splicer-gauntlet?highlight=splicer+gauntlet
- ^ Bungie (2015/5/19), Destiny, PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Skolas Defeated
- ^ Bungie (2019/3/5), Destiny 2: Season of the Drifter, Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard, Item Description: Queenbreakers' Bow
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs namedAdieu
- ^ YouTube - Destiny 2 – "Gameplay Premiere Livestream (US)"
- '^ Engadget - Destiny 2' tackles the original's biggest problem: storytelling
- ^ Bungie (2017/8/9), Destiny 2: Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard 1 AU
- ^ Bungie (2017/8/9), Destiny 2: Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard Chosen
- ^ Cosmos Shell
- ^ Bungie (2015/9/15), Destiny: Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: Relic: The Aegis
- ^ Bungie (2017/5/12), Destiny 2: Curse of Osiris, Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard, Perfect Paradox
- ^ Bungie (2017/5/12), Destiny 2: Curse of Osiris, Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard, Legends Lost
- ^ Bungie (2015/9/15), Destiny: The Taken King PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: XIV: 52 and One
- ^ Bungie (2015/9/15), Destiny: The Taken King PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: XVI: The Sword Logic
- ^ Bungie (2015/9/15), Destiny: The Taken King PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: XVIII: Leviathan Rises
- ^ Bungie (2019./10/01), Destiny 2: PlayStation 4, Activision Blizzard, Song of Life
- ^ Bungie (2015/9/15), Destiny: The Taken King Playstation 4, Activision Blizzard, Grimoire: XLV: I'd shut them all in cells.
- ^ Applied Physics
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